This article explores population long-term balanced development for national defense according to the strategic goals set at the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China．Three major issues are discussed．Firstly，the concept and connotation of the long-term equilibrium development of national defense population are defined，in which population long -term equilibrium is equal to population“long-term safety”including quality balance，quantity balance and population structure equilibrium．And“quantity equilibrium”needs to be considered in both absolute and relative terms．Secondly，the“non-equilibrium”situation of national defense population is examined from the perspective of quality and quantity．Thirdly，policy suggestions in promoting the national defense population equilibrium are proposed with regard to population regulation，human resource development and social security．